Radio direction finder



June 27, 1950 E. G. LAPHAM RADIO DIRECTION FINDER 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed March 24, 1947 kWhit k ww INVENTOR BY fvA/v 6. LAPHAM Y ATTORNEY 3 SheetsSheet 2 m \w\ of M3 N* M pl. A: m n I l. l M M .v W A m q u L m Q G M 2 v N r n m mm A m u E m A June 27, 1950 r E. G. LAPHAM RADIO DIRECTION FINDER Filed March 24, 1947 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 E. G- LAPHAM RADIO DIRECTION FINDER kwhik QEHIK film wm M WM m M m m q M G a ESQ NAY V B om Q U2 3 E MEFUNQ nn June 27, 1950 Filed March 24, 1947 Patented June 27, 1950 urrao rem" PFC) (Granted under the act of March 3,1883, as

amended April 30, 1928; 370 O. G. 757) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty there-. on in accordance with the provisions of the act of April 30, 1928 (Ch. 460, 45 Stat. L. 467) This invention relates to a radio direction finder and more particularly to an apparatus comprising radio receiving equipment used in conjunction with balloon borne radiosonde'apparatus to determine upper air wind velocity and direction. 1

It is frequently desirable to measure wind velocity at various heights above the earth for use in estimating speeds and safety with regard to aircraft travel and for use in forecasting weather.

One method of determining wind velocity and direction is to release from the ground a small free balloon, follow its flight optically with one or more theo'dolites and thus determine the lateral movement of the balloon which is the same as the movement of the air in which the balloon is travelling. This method is not satisfactory where fog or clouds interfere with the use of optical instruments. Moreover, the use of optical instruments even on clear days is limited by the lateral distance the balloon is blown and by the altitude to which it ascends.

It is an object of this invention to provide a device for measuring wind velocity and direction without the use of optical instruments.

It is a further object to provide a device for giving, at frequent intervals, the azimuth and distance to a moving radio transmitter.

It is a further object to track a moving object from which a radio signal is received by means of shifting the maximum point of reception of an antenna to either side of the normal axis.

Other objects will become apparent from the following specification taken in connection with the drawing in which:

Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a ground installation embodying the principles of this invention,

Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the balloon unit used with the system of this invention.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the antenna used by this invention with curves showing the shifting of the axis of maximum reception.

Figs. 4 and 4a show a schematic diagram of the'receiving system and antenna control system used in this invention.

Referring now more particularly to Figs. 1 and 2 for a general understanding of this invention, a free balloon unit It comprises a lifting gas bag H, a. receiver l2 having an antenna l3, and a transmitter ld'having an antenna [5. Receiver i2 is tuned to receive a modulated-20- megacycle carrier. Receiver l2 demodulatesthis carrier and supplies the modulation thereon to modulate the carrier .frequency produced by transmitter M. Transmitter 14 transmits a car'- rier of '70 megacycles.

A relatively fixed ground equipment includes atransmitter 20 having an antenna 2L Transmitter 20 produces a 20-megacyc1e carrier to which receiver I2 is tuned, said carrier being modulated by modulator 22. Modulator 22 produces a modulating frequency of either 3 kilocycles or 10 kilocycles. Control knob I9 is provided so that either 3-kilocycle or 10-kilocycle modulation frequency may be selected. In normal operation 10-kilocycle modulation is used. The modulation frequency produced by modulator 22 is also supplied to a phase shifter 23. Phase shifter 23 is provided with a crank 2?,the rotation of which shifts the phase of the modulation frequency supplied by modulator 22 continuously from zero to any desired value. The output'of phaseshifter 23 is applied to one pair of deflection plates 24-24 of oscilloscope 26. l

Also associated with said relatively'fixed equipment is directional antenna 3%. 'Antenna has a normalbalanced connecting pointy-However, antenna 30 is connected to a receiver through a radio frequency transmission line to either of two offset connecting points 32 and 33. Receiver 35 is alternately connected by relay 3| to each of the connecting points 32 and '33, which are on opposite sides of the normal balanced connecting point. The output of receiver 35 is'connected through conductor 36 to the other pair of deflecting plates 25-45 of oscilloscope 26. Receiver'35 is tuned to receive the '70-megacycle carrier produced by the balloon borne transmitter l4. L The output of receiver -35 is also supplied through conductor and relay 33 to either of two input circuits 39 and 40 of comparison circuit M which compares the inputs and supplies a measure of the comparison to g'alvanometer '42. The pointer of galvanometer' l2 energizes either of magnetic clutch coils Hand from power supply 41. Motor M1, which rotates continuously in one direction, is associated with shaft 49 and the magnetic clutches associated with magnets 45 and 45 so that shaft ift-turns clockwise, or counterclockwise, depending on whether clutch $5 or 46 is energized. The clutches associated with magnets 45 and 45 are in splined relation withtheshaft 49. Shaft 19,

receiver 35 is connected to antenna 30 at point balloon and back, the -kilocycle frequency as received at the ground equipment will lag the 10- kilocycle frequency as produced at the ground equipment by an amount depending on the distancefrom the fixed equipment to the balloon. The. distance to the balloon from the fixed equipment will be equal to one-half the wave-length of the modulation frequency multiplied by the 32 the output of receiver 35 is connected to input 39 of comparison circuit 4|. When receiver 35 is connected to point 33 of antenna 30, the. out-.- I

put of receiver 35 is connected to. input 40 of, com parison circuit 4 caused tobeoome a line.

causes coils 5| and 52 of relays 3| and 38, re-' spectively, to be energized and de-energizedforequal short periods, said periods being of the 5 order of two seconds in duration.

Referring now more particularly to Figs. 3 and 4, antenna 30 comprises coplanar; half-Wave, vertical dipoles 53, 54, 55 spaced one-half wave apart and connected by transmission lines 611, suitably "number of cycles lag between the modulation fre- 10.

quency as. producedand received by the ground equipme t. By initial manipulation of the phase shifter crank 21 the Lissajous figure 29 may be By further manipulation of crank fl, the Lissajous figure can be caused to remain a line instead of cyclically passing from a line to an oval and circle and back to a line as the distance between the fixed equipment and the balloon changes, the amount of rotation of crank-2T after the initial positioning of transposed to provide for iii-phase connection of the. three dipoles. The normal balanced connect ing point. of antenna. 30. is at. center dipole 54. However, the receiver is connected to antenna-3|l through either of twoofiset connecting points 32 and 33. Three half-wave parasitic reflecting di-- poles 63, 6.4 and 65 are placed one quarter wave length behind radiating dipoles 5.3., 5.4 and 55, re-. spectively. With a. receiver connec edito antenna 39. at thepoint 33 the major lobe ofthereception pattern is substantially as shown by curve 66 which has an axis of 'maximum reception 6]. With the receiver connected to point 32 the major lobe. of the reception pattern is substantially as hown. in curve 6.8 with an axis of maximum res. ception 69. It will be understood that the show. ing; of antenna 311 in Fig. 1 is mostlysymbolic and that all of, the feeder connection and the reflecting dipoles. are not shown in Fig. 1. I

Irrthe operation of the system shown in Figs. 1 and 2, transmitter transmits a 20.-megacycle carrier from, a non-directive antenna 2|. This 20m egacyQle carrier, normally modulated by modulator 22, with a. lQ-kilocycle frequency, is re- -ceived through antenna. [3, by the. receiver 12 of balloon unit [0. Receiver |2 demodulates. the ZQ-me acycIe, carrier to. obtain the IO-kilocycle frequency modulated; thereon. Through connections between. receiver I2 and transmitter H of balloon unit IOthe'YO-megacycle carrier produced by transmitter I4. is modulated by the lO-kilocycle frequency without appreciable change inphas-e, or with a constant change in phase, and trans? mitt'ed; from nonrdirectional antenna |5,., If' antenna 3|! is oriented so that. its; normal axis, the axis. perpendicular to the plane of dis poles 53, 54 and 55 and passing through center dipoleq54', points approximately at balloon unit |0, antenna 30 will pick up the modulated 7.01 megacycle carrier transmitted by transmitter M. The energy collected by antenna 33 will be sup.- plied from either point. 32 or 33 and relay 3| to r ce v r 35. Rec iver; 35 will demodulate the '70- megacycle carrier to produce the modulation thereon, normally a 10-kilocy1e frequency. This 0- 0 yc e f qu ncy will be s plied throu h. conductor 36 to one set of deflection plates 25-.25 of oscilloscope 26. Since the other, set ofv deflects ns p a s. .1 suppli d also with the 10.- kilocycle frequency as, shifted in phase; by phase shif r 3, a Li sajous-fi ure 2.9 will appear on. the screen of oscilloscope 26.

Since the l'o-ki'locyclemodulation frequency has. t aveledv from. the. fixed round equipment to the.

the Lissajous figure being a direct indication of' the distance to theballoon a Part. of the lo-kilocycle frequency as demodus lated by receiver 35 is supplied through relay 38 to either inp-ut39. or 40,; of comparison circuit 4|. Input 39 receives a measure. of e e y pi ed up at connecting. point 32 of antenna 30 when the axis, of maximum; reception of antenna 3|) coincides. with axis 69' of Fig.2. Input 40 of comparison circuit 4| receives a measure of the en,- er y picked. up by antenna 30 as supplied through connecting; point 33 when. the maximum axis of reception is along axis 61. It is therefore apparent that equal energy will be. supplied, to inputs. 39 and, 40 only when balloon unit I0 is in a vertical plane passing through the crossover point 6| of the antenna pattern and the dipole 54, or when balloon unit It]; lies approximately on the normal axis of maximum reception of antenna 30. Comparison circuit 4| supplies an output to galvanometer 4:2 which. has one polarity if the input to 39 is greater than that supplies to 40, and an opposite polarity if the input to 40: isgreater than that supplied to, 39:. There is no output supplied o. ealvanometer 2. when h inp s to 39. and 4 0 are, equal.

When no input is supplied to galvanometer 425 its pointer 44 does not energize either magnetic clutch 45 or 46 but. an input of one polarity will energize magnetic clutch 45 through power rsupply 41 while an input of the opposite polarity will energize magnetic clutch 46 from power supply 43. Hence, if equal energies are picked up by antenna 3|! when the axis of the major lobe is shifted to axes, 61 and 69, the normal axis indicates the azimuth of balloon unit: I!) and the orientation of the antenna will not be disturbed. However, if greater energy is picked up when the major lobe is shifted along one axis than along the other, through. the action of galvanometer 42, one of the magnetic; clutches 45 or 46 will be energized causing motonlvh and shaft 49 to. rotate antenna 33-59; that the axis 61 or 59, along whichever one. the lesser energy; was recei-ved,.w ill be rotated" to increase, the energy received when, the major lobe is along that axis until the'energies received along the two, axes are equal. Relay control 50: causes the energy picked up along the two axes 61. and B9 to be applied for short equal intervals to the inputs 39 and 43 of, comparison. circuit 4|. This action produces rapid shift of majsor -lobefrom one axis to the other so that'substantially simultaneous cqmnarison, of the received signal is made.

When modulator-212 is; producing a-lQ-kilocycle modul tion frequencyanda 360- phase shift with crank 21 indicates about a ll-mile distance to the balloon,-'it.is possible that the operator will not-always know in'which 9-mile range he is working at a particulartime since the Lissajous figures would be thei same foreither 9,v 18, 27, etc. miles. The operator may then by theme of control knob I9 cause modulator22 to produce a 3-kilocycle modulation frequency which causes a 360 phase shift with crank 21 to cover a range of approximately 27 miles. The approximate distance to the balloon will then usually be determinable since itiwould be unlikely that the signal would be lost for a time sufficient for the balloon to travel more than 27 miles.

Referring now. more particularly to Figs. 4 and 4a., for a detailed description of the receiving and control system used with the fixed equipment in this invention, antenna 30v is connected through impedance matching transformers In and I5 or II and IS, relay 3|, coaxial line '11, attenuator I8 and coaxial line I9 to receiver 35. Quarterwave transformer 10 connects with antenna30 at offset points 32. Quarterwave transformer II connects with antenna 30 at oifset points 33. Transformers 'IG and 'II are suitably adjusted to match the impedance at the points at which they are connected. Half wave transformers I5 and 13 connected to quarter wave transformers l0 and II, respectively, are interposed to isolate quarter wave transformers l0 and II from relay 3| in which the current carrying elements cannot be suitably spaced.

Receiver 35 is connected through switch 85, when switch 85 is in its upper position, directly to plates 25-25 of oscilloscope 23. With switch 85 in its lower position receiver 80 is connected to either filter 86 or filter 81, depending on whether switch 88 is in its upper or lower position. Filter 86 is a band pass filter passing a narrow band of frequencies centered at 10- kilocycles. Filter 8? is a band pass filter passing a narrow band of frequencies centered about 3 kilocycles.

A IO-kilocycle frequency as produced by modulator 22 in Fig. 1 is supplied through conductors 90 and filter 9| to phase shifter 23. Phase shifter 23 includes a resistance-capacitor network 92 supplying to the grids of amplifier tubes T6 and T7 control voltages equal in magnitude but 90 degrees out of phase. Tubes T6 and T7 supply to stator windings 95 and 96 currents equal in magnitude but 90 degrees out of phase. Stator coils 95 and 95 are shunted by tuning capacitors 97 and 98 adjusted to resonate at 10 kilocycles. Rotor coil I00, rotated by crank 21, shown in Fig. 1, picks up a 10-kilocycle frequency the phase of which depends on the orientation of rotor coil I00. The voltage picked up by rotor coil I00 is supplied to deflection plates 24-24 of oscilloscope 23. Conductors I04, connected to a. source of alternating current, supply power through transformer I05, rectifier tube I06, and filter I0! to tubes Ta and T7 of the phase shifter circuit 23.

The output of receiver 35, as delivered by switch 85, is supplied through rectifier I08 and relay 38 to comparison circuit 4I. Relay 38 is actuated by relay coil 52. Comparison circuit 4; has inputs 39 and 40 alternately supplied with the output of receiver 35 by relay contact element I39 causing condensers H0 and III to be alternately charged. The output of comparison circuit M is supplied through lines II2 to galvanometer. d2. Galvanometer 42 is a Well known commercial type of galvanometer controller actuated by motor Ms. Galvanometer 42 has a pointer which indicates the voltage, and the polarity thereof, supplied through lines -:.I I2.from comparison circuit llLwThrough the actionof motor M5 a sampling mechanism is caused to exert a clamping action at frequent intervals upon the pointer 10f galvanometer M and indicate whether the pointer is at the mid-position of its scale or whether the pointer is onone side or theotherpf the mid-position. The clamping mechanism of pointer 44 of galvanometer 42 is capable of connecting the grids of either of tubes T1 or T2 through contacts H5 and H6 to ground potential, causing those tubes to conduct. Relay coil II'l of relay I20. and relay coil II8 of relay I2I are connected respectively in the. plate circuits of tubes Trand T2. Relays I20 and1I2I are capable of acting through the antenna orientation control circuit in a manner to be explained below, to cause the antenna 30 to automatically follow in azimuth the balloon I0.

Antenna 30 may be rotated slowly in either di-. rection by means of, motor M1 and magnetic clutches, the coils of, which are shown at 45 and 46. Motor M1 is connected to alternating cur rent supply lines I4I, and I42 and rotates always in -one direction. Motor ,Mrdrives two oppositely rotating clutches, either ofwhich maybe energized jelectrically; by. lutch. coils 45 and 48 to rotate antenna 30 about a vertical axisvin one of two opposite directions. [Antenna 30 may also be rotated athighspeed in one, direction only by motor M3. Switches 135, -.I3,6,,'I3I and I38 are provided in the antenna orientation control circuit for selectingthe manner; of orientation. Switch I35 has an upper or ;.high speed DOSl-r' tion and a lower orfnormal position. :Switch I36 has-an upper or automatic position and a lower or. manual position. Switch I37 has an upper or:increa se azimuth position and a lower or off position. Switch I38 has an upper or decrease azimuth position and a lower or ioff, position. Motor Msgis connectedto ,wire I42 of the vpower line and isconnected through conductor I29, switch I35 in,high' speed position, switch I33 in manualfg position, and back through conductor I28 to wire MI of the power line. a I Clutch coils 45 and 46 are energized respectively through relays I3I and I30 from power supply 41 containing rectifier-tube Tn connected to power supply I4I-I42 through transformer. I34, The left endof'each ofcoils'l32 and I33,of relays I30 and I 3|, respectively, is connected to power line IN. The right end of relay coilI32- is connectedthrough wirelZS, relay I2l, switch I38 in automatic position, switch I35 in normal" position to wire I42 ofthe power line. The right end of, coil I33v is connected-through conductor I 21, relay I20, switch I33 in its automaticf-position, and switch I35 in its norma positiomto wire I42 of the power line, Th v right end of relay coil I32 is also connectedxthrough wire I26, switch I31 in its off position, switch I38 in,its decrease azimuth position, switch, I3'6- in its manual? position, switch I35 in itsnormal position, and. wire I23 to line I42 of the power supply. The right end of relay coil I33 isalsoconnected through wire I21, switch I38Iin its off position, switch I3? in its increase azimuth position, switch, I36 in its fmanual position, switch I35 in its normal position, and wire I23 to wire I42 of the power s pp @The ,operatipn IOf antenna. relay 3| and com par nrcui r ay i e ed by. a. relay.

7 control circuit 50. (see Fig. 4). Relay control circuit 50 includes thyratron tubes T3 and T4, the plate circuits of which are supplied with power through alternating current supply lines I55 and transformer I56. The control grids of tubes Ta and T4 are supplied with negative bias potential by battery I60 through conductor I8I2, contacts I62 and conductor I63 (see Fig. 4a.). Coil 52 of comparison circuit relay 38 is connected in series with coil I of antenna relay 3|. These coils are energized by the plates of tubes T3 and T4 through lines I65 and I66. Contacts I62 are closed and opened during short equal periods by cam wheel I'I0 driven by motor Ms.

A synchro generator M2 'is coupled mechan-' icallyto rotate with the shaft of antenna 30' and is connected electrically to synchro motor M4, a remote indicator. Excitation for synchros M2 and M4 is supplied through lines I4I'-I42. The 3- phase control current passes from 1% to M4 through lines I50,-I 5'I and I52.

Antenna control conductors I26, I21, I28, and I29, relay control conductors I65 and His, syn'chro control conductors I50, I5I and I52, and alternating power supply line I4II42 are all enclosed in a shielded conduit I and are supplied with radio frequency chokes and grounded through condensers to prevent transients, caused by switching operations, from producing undesired noise in the radio receiving circuits.

In the operationof the receiver shown in Figs. 4 and 4a the radio frequency energy transmitted by balloon-borne transmitter-I4 shown in Fig. 1 is transmitted through either of quarter-wave transformers 10 or II and either of half-wave transformers I5 or I6, through antenna relay 3| coaxial line 11, attenuator I8, and coaxial line I9 to receiver 35. Attenuator I8 is manually adjustable so that the output of the receiver 35 is approximately constant, the intensity of the radio energy received from balloon I0 changing greatly in magnitude as the balloon ascends and blows away from the fixed station. Attenuator I8 reduces the magnitude of received signal without shifting its phase. With switch 85 in its upper position the output of receiver 35 is applied directly to deflection plates 25-25 of Oscilloscope 26. With switch 85 in its lower position the out-- put of receiver 35 is supplied to deflection plates 25 after passing through either filter 86 or the filter 81 depending on whether switch 88 is in its upper or lower position. Switch 85 is normally in its upper position but if undesiredfrequencies are present in the output of receiver 35 the received signal is passed through either filter 88 or 81 to filter out substantiallyall frequencies but the 10-ki1ocyc1e or 3-kilocycle frequency, whichever is being transmitted by transmitter 20 of Fig. 1.

Filter 9| is arranged to filter out any unde-- sired signal that may be present in lines 90 from modulator 22. Phase shifter 92 serves to place upon deflection plates 24-'-24the modulation frequency produced by modulator 22 shifted in phase as determined by the orientation of rotor coil" #00 controlled by crank 21. The position of crank 21' is therefore indicative of the distance to the balloon and a, dial calibrated in miles may be attached to the shaft of rotor I00.

The output of receiver 35 as delivered by switch 85 is supplied through rectifier tube I08 to either input 39 or 40 of comparison circuit 41' depending on the position of the contact element I'09 of relay 38. The output of receiver 35 serves to charge first condensers I-I'Il and then condensers I I I: of comparison circuit 41'. Condensers I III and III tend to discharge through resistors H0" and III. No voltage will be produced across these resistors if condensers H0 and III are. equally charged. However, if either set of condensers H0. or III is charged to. a greaterv degree than the other, one polarity or the other will appear across lines II2.

The voltage appearing across lines H2 is applied to galvanometer 42 to determine the position of needle 4'4.- With needle 44 in its middle position neither of tubes T1 or T2. conducts but if a voltage of one polarity is applied to galvanometer 42, needle 44 will cause a positive potential to be applied to the grid'of tube T1, thereby energizing coil II! of relay I20. If a voltage of the other polarity is applied to galvanometer' 42, relay I2.I will be operated through tube T2 and coil I I8.

As cam wheel I10 is: rotated by motor M5, con! tacts I 62 alternately close for short periods of about twoseconds and open for intermediate equal periods. When contacts I62 open, thyratron tubes T3 and T4 conduct, actuating antenna relay SI and comparison circuit relay 38. With antenna relay 3| energized coaxial cable 11 is connected through transformers I5 and "I0 to offset points 82 of the antenna 30. In this position relay 3| shorts the conductors at the end of transformer T6. Half-Wave transformer I6 reproduces this low impedance condition at its other end and quarter-wave line H inverts this condition at connecting points 33 where a condition of very high impedance is set up. With coil SI of antenna relay 3I deenergized coaxial cable I! is connected to points 33 of antenna 30 while a very high impedance appears across points 32 and in the manner explained above.

Coil 52 is energized and deenergized synchronously with coil 5 I of the antenna relay 3 I. When antenna 30 is connected at points 32 to obtain an axis of maximum reception as shown at 69 in Fig. 2, the output of receiver is connected to input 39 of comparison circuit 4|. With coils 51- and 52" deenergize'd the antenna 30 is connected through point 33 to obtain an axis of maximum reception as shown in 61 of Fig. 2. The output of receiver 35" is connected through input of comparison circuit 4|.

With switch I35 in high speed position, switch I36 in manual position, and switches l'3'I' and- I3-8 in off position, antenna 30 is rapid- 1y rotated to an initial position such that its normal axis is approximately in line-with balloon I0. With switch I35 in normal position, switch I36 in manual position, switch I3! in ofi position, and switch I38 in decrease azimuth position antenna 30 will be slowly rotated in a direction to decrease its azimuth indication by motor M1 and one of clutches 5-546. By reversing the position of switches I31 and I38 so that switch I 31 is in increase azimuth position and switch I38 is inoff position antenna 30 will be slowly rotated in the opposite direction by motor M1. Thus by manual manipulation antenna 30 may be accurately aimed in any direction.

After the initial manual aiming in which antenna reception axes 61 and 69 as shown in Fig. 2 have been placed on either side of balloon III, automatic operation is effected by placing switch 35 in normal position, switch- I38 in automatic position, and switches I3! and I38 in off position. Then operation of relay-s I20 and III will operate relays I30 and I-3I which in turn will operate magnetic clutchcoils and 48 to automaticall'y maintain the proper orientation of antenna so with respect to balloon In. The speed of motor M1 will be coordinated with the speed of motor M5 so that the speed of rotation of antenna 30 and the frequency of sampling by galvanometer 42 will cause antenna to track balloon with a minimum of hunting.

Synchro motor M4 which being connected to synchro generator M2 reproduces the angular orientation of antenna 30, may be used in a recording instrument to continuously record the azimuth of balloon it against time. Balloon l9 may be arranged, as is well known in the art, to also radio at frequent intervals a barometric reading indicative of its altitude. Since the azimuth, slant range, and altitude of balloon [9 are known almost continuously throughout its flight it is obvious that its position at any time can be plotted, and therefore the wind velocity and direction at any height ascertained.

It will be obvious that the fixed ground equipment shown in Fig. 1 need not be absolutely fixed but would be equally effective operated from a movable object such as a ship. It will also be obvious that the frequencies used by the transmitters 29 and I4 and by the receivers i2 and 35, as well as the frequencies produced by modulator 22 are illustrative only as given in the above description and that other frequencies may be satisfactorily used. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to any specific construction but might be embodied in various forms without departing from the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. In combination, an antenna comprising receiving elements arranged in a plane, reflecting means for causing said antenna to receive from substantially one direction, a radio receiver having an input and an output, the input of said receiver being connected to said antenna by a connection shifting means through one of two offset connecting points on said antenna, said shifting means causing the axis of maximum reception of said antenna to alternately shift to either side of the axis normal to the plane of said antenna, an oscilloscope having deflecting means in two planes, the output of said receiver being connected to said oscilloscope deflecting means in one plane, means for supplying a reference frequency to the deflecting plates in the other of said planes, means for shifting the phase of said reference frequency, a comparison circuit having two inputs and an output, said comparison circuit being adapted to compare said inputs and produce at its output a voltage having a polarity indicative of which input predominates in magnitude, means operating synchronously with said connection shifting means whereby when said axis of maximum reception is on one side of said normal axis the output of said receiver is applied to one input of said comparison circuit and when the axis of maximum reception is on the other side of said normal axis the output of said receiver is applied to the other input of said comparison circuit, means for rotating the plane of said antenna, means whereby when the output of said comparison circuit is of either polarity the antenna rotating means rotates the antenna until the output of said comparison means is zero.

2. In combination, an antenna having a normal axis of maximum reception, shifting means for causing the axis of maximum reception to alternately shift from an offset axis on one side of said normal axis to an offset axis on the other side of said normal axis, means for connecting said antenna to a radio receiver having an output, an indicating means having two deflection means, each in a different plane, means for connecting the output of said receiver to the deflection means in one plane, a means for producing a reference frequency, means for applying said reference frequency to said deflection means in said other plane, a comparison means for comparing the reception along said two ofi'set axes of reception, means for rotating said antenna until the receptions along said two offset axes are equal.

EVAN G. LAPHAM.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in th file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,160,857 Gothe June 6, 1939 2,171,561 Hooven Sept. 6, 1939 2,173,841 Hooven Sept. 26, 1939 2,176,469 Moueix Oct. 1'7, 1939 2,266,038 Himnan, Jr Dec. 16, 1941 2,276,235 Lamb Mar. 10, 1942 2,411,034 Gluyas et a1 Nov. 12, 1946 2,412,159 Leeds Dec. 3, 1946 2,412,612 Godet Dec. '17, 1946 2,421,663 Tolson June 3, 1947 2,422,068 Bedford June 10, 1947 2,424,193 Rost et al July 15, 1947 2,427,029 Sterns Sept. 9, 1947 

